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Learning path

Understand Ethereum execution and settlement

Trace a contract call, its execution cost and the settlement boundary of a rollup.

Explain why a failed contract call can cost gas. Then describe how an L2 response differs from withdrawing funds to Ethereum mainnet.

Along this path

  1. How does Ethereum change shared state?

    Separate execution rules from consensus.

  2. Ethereum accounts: what does a signature authorize?

    Separate the wallet, account record, signed request and contract permission.

  3. What is a smart contract?

    Code and state executed under a blockchain’s rules.

  4. Ethereum gas: why failed calls still cost

    Separate execution work, transaction value and fees.

  5. How does proof of stake organize validation?

    Stake and protocol duties are different from identity authentication.

  6. Why does “immutable” need conditions?

    Receiving a transaction, including it in a block and finalizing history provide different evidence.

  7. Layer 2: what is inherited from Ethereum?

    Separate settlement dependence from a connection through a bridge.

  8. Ethereum rollups: which confirmation matters?

    Distinguish an L2 response from settlement and withdrawal.

  9. Base: an Ethereum Layer 2 in practice

    Follow the path from an L2 transaction to Ethereum.

  10. Ethereum and ArcBlock: applications and assets

    Compare responsibilities, then examine the bridge between them.

  11. Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Circle Arc, Base and ArcBlock

    Compare state, execution and application responsibilities.